AWS Lambda Advanced

This is the advanced guide for AWS Lambda. If you’re just getting started, check out the Quickstart Guide first.

This guide covers advanced patterns for sending emails from AWS Lambda, including deployment strategies, event triggers, monitoring, and production best practices.

Using Raw Fetch API

If you prefer not to add the SDK dependency, use the native fetch API:

Node.js

export const handler = async (event) => {
  try {
    const body = JSON.parse(event.body || '{}');
    const { to, subject, html } = body;

    const response = await fetch('https://app.lettr.com/api/emails', {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: {
        'Authorization': `Bearer ${process.env.LETTR_API_KEY}`,
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        from: process.env.FROM_EMAIL || 'noreply@yourdomain.com',
        to: Array.isArray(to) ? to : [to],
        subject,
        html,
      }),
    });

    const data = await response.json();

    if (!response.ok) {
      throw new Error(`Lettr API error: ${data.message || response.statusText}`);
    }

    console.log(`Email sent. Request ID: ${data.request_id}`);

    return {
      statusCode: 200,
      body: JSON.stringify({
        success: true,
        requestId: data.request_id,
      }),
    };
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Email send failed:', error);

    return {
      statusCode: 500,
      body: JSON.stringify({ error: error.message }),
    };
  }
};

Python

import json
import os
import urllib.request

def handler(event, context):
    try:
        body = json.loads(event.get('body', '{}'))

        # Prepare email data
        email_data = {
            'from': os.environ.get('FROM_EMAIL', 'noreply@yourdomain.com'),
            'to': [body['to']] if isinstance(body['to'], str) else body['to'],
            'subject': body['subject'],
            'html': body['html']
        }

        # Create request
        req = urllib.request.Request(
            'https://app.lettr.com/api/emails',
            data=json.dumps(email_data).encode('utf-8'),
            headers={
                'Authorization': f"Bearer {os.environ['LETTR_API_KEY']}",
                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
            },
            method='POST'
        )

        # Send request
        with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:
            result = json.loads(response.read().decode('utf-8'))

        return {
            'statusCode': 200,
            'body': json.dumps({
                'success': True,
                'requestId': result['request_id']
            })
        }

    except Exception as e:
        return {
            'statusCode': 500,
            'body': json.dumps({'error': str(e)})
        }

Using AWS Secrets Manager

For production deployments, store your API key in AWS Secrets Manager instead of environment variables:

Create a secret

aws secretsmanager create-secret \
  --name lettr-api-key \
  --secret-string "lttr_your_api_key_here"

Grant Lambda permission

Add the secretsmanager:GetSecretValue permission to your Lambda execution role:

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "secretsmanager:GetSecretValue",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:secretsmanager:us-east-1:YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID:secret:lettr-api-key-*"
    }
  ]
}

Update your function code

Retrieve the secret at runtime:

import { SecretsManagerClient, GetSecretValueCommand } from '@aws-sdk/client-secrets-manager';
import { Lettr } from 'lettr';

const secretsManager = new SecretsManagerClient({ region: 'us-east-1' });
let cachedLettrClient;

async function getLettrClient() {
  if (!cachedLettrClient) {
    const response = await secretsManager.send(
      new GetSecretValueCommand({ SecretId: 'lettr-api-key' })
    );
    cachedLettrClient = new Lettr(response.SecretString);
  }
  return cachedLettrClient;
}

export const handler = async (event) => {
  const lettr = await getLettrClient();

  // Send email using lettr...
};

Cache the Lettr client instance across invocations to avoid fetching the secret on every request. Lambda containers are reused, so the cached client will persist between invocations.

Deployment Strategies

Using Lambda Layers

Create a Lambda Layer to share the Lettr SDK across multiple functions:

Create the layer directory

mkdir -p nodejs
cd nodejs
npm init -y
npm install lettr

Package and upload

cd ..
zip -r lettr-layer.zip nodejs

aws lambda publish-layer-version \
  --layer-name lettr-sdk \
  --description "Lettr Node.js SDK" \
  --zip-file fileb://lettr-layer.zip \
  --compatible-runtimes nodejs18.x nodejs20.x

Attach to your function

aws lambda update-function-configuration \
  --function-name send-email \
  --layers arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID:layer:lettr-sdk:1

Using Container Images

Deploy Lambda functions as container images for more control:

FROM public.ecr.aws/lambda/nodejs:20

# Copy function code
COPY index.js package*.json ./

# Install dependencies
RUN npm ci --omit=dev

# Set the CMD to your handler
CMD [ "index.handler" ]

Build and deploy:

docker build -t send-email .

aws ecr get-login-password --region us-east-1 | docker login --username AWS --password-stdin YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com

docker tag send-email:latest YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/send-email:latest
docker push YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/send-email:latest

aws lambda update-function-code \
  --function-name send-email \
  --image-uri YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/send-email:latest

Event Triggers

API Gateway Integration

Connect your Lambda function to API Gateway for HTTP-triggered emails:

export const handler = async (event) => {
  // Handle CORS preflight
  if (event.httpMethod === 'OPTIONS') {
    return {
      statusCode: 200,
      headers: {
        'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*',
        'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'POST',
        'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type',
      },
      body: '',
    };
  }

  // Only allow POST
  if (event.httpMethod !== 'POST') {
    return {
      statusCode: 405,
      body: JSON.stringify({ error: 'Method not allowed' }),
    };
  }

  // Send email...
};

EventBridge Integration

Trigger emails from EventBridge events:

export const handler = async (event) => {
  const { detail } = event;

  // Event detail contains custom data
  const { userId, email, eventType } = detail;

  const templates = {
    'user.signup': {
      subject: 'Welcome to our platform!',
      html: '<h1>Welcome!</h1><p>Thanks for signing up.</p>',
    },
    'user.password_reset': {
      subject: 'Password reset requested',
      html: '<p>Click here to reset your password.</p>',
    },
  };

  const template = templates[eventType];

  if (!template) {
    console.warn(`No template for event type: ${eventType}`);
    return;
  }

  await lettr.emails.send({
    from: process.env.FROM_EMAIL,
    to: [email],
    subject: template.subject,
    html: template.html,
  });

  console.log(`Email sent for event ${eventType} to ${email}`);
};

SQS Integration

Process email requests from an SQS queue for reliable, async sending:

export const handler = async (event) => {
  const results = await Promise.allSettled(
    event.Records.map(async (record) => {
      const message = JSON.parse(record.body);

      return await lettr.emails.send({
        from: process.env.FROM_EMAIL,
        to: [message.to],
        subject: message.subject,
        html: message.html,
      });
    })
  );

  // Log failed sends
  results.forEach((result, index) => {
    if (result.status === 'rejected') {
      console.error(`Failed to send email for record ${index}:`, result.reason);
    }
  });

  // Return success - failed records remain in queue for retry
  return { statusCode: 200 };
};

Monitoring and Logging

CloudWatch Logs

Lambda automatically sends logs to CloudWatch. Structure your logs for easy searching:

// Good logging practice
console.log(JSON.stringify({
  event: 'email_sent',
  requestId: result.request_id,
  to: to,
  timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
}));

CloudWatch Metrics

Create custom metrics for email sending:

import { CloudWatchClient, PutMetricDataCommand } from '@aws-sdk/client-cloudwatch';

const cloudwatch = new CloudWatchClient({ region: 'us-east-1' });

async function recordMetric(metricName, value) {
  await cloudwatch.send(
    new PutMetricDataCommand({
      Namespace: 'EmailService',
      MetricData: [
        {
          MetricName: metricName,
          Value: value,
          Unit: 'Count',
          Timestamp: new Date(),
        },
      ],
    })
  );
}

// In your handler
await recordMetric('EmailsSent', 1);

Troubleshooting

Cold start performance

Lambda cold starts can add 1-3 seconds to the first invocation. Optimize by:

Using Provisioned Concurrency for predictable latency
Minimizing dependencies — use native fetch instead of axios
Caching clients outside the handler function

// ❌ Bad - creates new client on every invocation
export const handler = async (event) => {
  const lettr = new Lettr(process.env.LETTR_API_KEY);
  // ...
};

// ✅ Good - reuses client across invocations
const lettr = new Lettr(process.env.LETTR_API_KEY);

export const handler = async (event) => {
  // ...
};

Function timeouts

If emails fail to send before the function times out:

Increase timeout to 30 seconds (default is 3 seconds)
Use async processing — send to SQS and process in a separate function
Check for network issues — ensure Lambda has internet access

aws lambda update-function-configuration \
  --function-name send-email \
  --timeout 30

Authentication errors (401 Unauthorized)

If you see 401 Unauthorized errors:

Verify your API key is correctly set in environment variables
Check that the key starts with lttr_ and is 68 characters total
Ensure the key hasn’t been deleted or revoked in the Lettr dashboard

Rate limiting (429 errors)

If you’re sending high volumes, you may hit rate limits. Use exponential backoff:

async function sendEmailWithRetry(emailData, maxRetries = 3) {
  for (let attempt = 1; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
    try {
      return await lettr.emails.send(emailData);
    } catch (error) {
      if (error.status === 429 && attempt < maxRetries) {
        // Rate limited - wait and retry
        const delay = Math.pow(2, attempt) * 1000;
        console.log(`Rate limited. Retrying in ${delay}ms...`);
        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay));
      } else {
        throw error;
      }
    }
  }
}

If you consistently hit rate limits, consider upgrading your Lettr plan or implementing a queue-based architecture with SQS to smooth out bursts.

Secrets Manager errors

If you have issues retrieving secrets:

Verify IAM permissions — ensure secretsmanager:GetSecretValue is granted
Check secret name — it must match exactly
Verify region — Secrets Manager is region-specific
Cache the client — avoid fetching on every invocation

Best Practices

Use environment variables for configuration (API key, from email, etc.)
Cache the Lettr client outside the handler to improve performance
Set appropriate timeouts — 10-30 seconds for email sending functions
Implement proper error handling — distinguish between retryable and permanent errors
Log request IDs for debugging and tracking delivery
Use IAM roles with least privilege permissions
Enable X-Ray tracing for performance monitoring
Consider SQS for high-volume or batch sending

What’s Next

Quickstart Guide

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Integrations

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AWS Lambda Advanced

Using Raw Fetch API

Node.js

Python

Using AWS Secrets Manager

Deployment Strategies

Using Lambda Layers

Using Container Images

Event Triggers

API Gateway Integration

EventBridge Integration

SQS Integration

Monitoring and Logging

CloudWatch Logs

CloudWatch Metrics

Troubleshooting

Best Practices

What’s Next

Quickstart Guide

Vercel Functions

Cloudflare Workers

Webhooks

​Using Raw Fetch API

​Node.js

​Python

​Using AWS Secrets Manager

​Deployment Strategies

​Using Lambda Layers

​Using Container Images

​Event Triggers

​API Gateway Integration

​EventBridge Integration

​SQS Integration

​Monitoring and Logging

​CloudWatch Logs

​CloudWatch Metrics

​Troubleshooting

​Best Practices

​What’s Next

Quickstart Guide

Vercel Functions

Cloudflare Workers

Webhooks

Using Raw Fetch API

Node.js

Python

Using AWS Secrets Manager

Deployment Strategies

Using Lambda Layers

Using Container Images

Event Triggers

API Gateway Integration

EventBridge Integration

SQS Integration

Monitoring and Logging

CloudWatch Logs

CloudWatch Metrics

Troubleshooting

Best Practices

What’s Next